Despite their shared opposition to the autocracy, different groups within Russia’s educated classes fought for different visions of their country’s future and had conflicting ideas about how to achieve them. ‘Down with autocracy!’ was the only slogan they were unanimous about. As for the rest, divisions between different factions of the intelligentsia seemed to be insurmountable. To begin with, the intelligentsia was divided into a liberal and a socialist camp. The liberals were further split into supporters of constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or republic. Some of them advocated gradual reforms, others were in favor of more radical, rapid changes. Socialists were equally disunited, separated into neo-Narodniks and Marxists. The latter were further split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. The significance of the division within Russian Marxists was not yet obvious at the time of the Revolution of 1905-1907. Its dire consequences would be revealed only several years later, in 1917, when it would become one of the chief reasons why the autocracy, after a short period of constitutional monarchy and an even shorter interlude of democracy, was swept away by a communist tyranny, in comparison with which the tsarist regime looked like a realm of freedom and justice.