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Alice Pugh. The Emergence of
Prescriptive Attitudes |
The Factor of Competition |

Cardinal Richelieu was
responsible for the establishment of the Académie Française |
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In 1582 the Accademia della Crusca in Italy was created and in 1635
the L’Académie Française had been founded. In 1664 in England, John
Dryden and other members made up the Royal Society’s ‘committee for
improving the English Language’. Dryden, Daniel Defoe, Jonathan
Swift and others felt that the English language was failing and
should be corrected. They believed that an academy for the English
language similar to those in France and Italy would keep the
language pure and rescue it from degeneration. This society was one
of many steps towards an English language institution. These
men were well educated within language and from the upper classes,
they believed that the lower classes with their regional dialects
were ruining and corrupting the language. They also believed
that the upper classes too were letting standards slip due to the
flare and freedom of literature. ‘Tongues, like governments, have a
natural tendency to degeneration.’ (Johnson 1755 cited in Graddol,
Leith, Swan 1996:370).
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There are many reasons for the emergence of prescriptive attitudes
at this time. Simple reasoning would be competition, those in the
committee might have felt that the language could be given more
status and should be just as adequate as the French, Italian and
Latin Languages. This inadequacy would have been felt for a long
time, with the romance word stock having a constant presence in the
English language and connections with high society. With Latin
being used within Law, the Church, Medicine, Science and many other
domains people would have questioned why English was not used?
Having said this many of the men within the committee would have
been writers who took advantage of these not so foreign languages;
John Dryden for example wrote ‘AnnusMirabilis’ meaning ‘the year of
wonders’ in Latin. This shows that the prescriptive tendencies came
not only from the quest for the lingua franca, but from wanting to
shape up the language for those who spoke English as their mother
tongue. The aim it seemed was to have a language that could be
spoken and written correctly, without ambiguity.
In David Crystal's,
The Stories of English,
he outlines the four main mindsets of the language professionals;
one being that polite people left alone do not speak or write
properly, therefore the second mindset was that grammars,
dictionaries and other manuals were needed to direct them, the third
was that no one was exempt, even Shakespeare and the final mindset
was that if Shakespeare makes mistake then lesser mortals are more
than likely to fall into the same trap. (Crystal 2005:374) There are
many reasons and theories behind this attitude and the rise in
prescriptive attitudes.
Throughout history it could be
said that social constraints and what is seen to be ‘socially
acceptable’ has become less restrained and our lives are given much
more freedom. The language has changed in this way also,
progressively over time. Old English had many influences due to
settlers’ from across Europe. The mixture of Celtic, Latin, Old
Latin, French, French Norse, Old Norse, Friesen and other
Scandinavian influences has created an eclectic language from the
start. It was popular influential writers such as Shakespeare and
Chaucer who changed language. Shakespeare freely used the English
language and used varying endings of words, for example he used
‘goes’ and ‘goeth’ (Bryson 1990:54). They openly created new words
and used old and new forms of words.
After the impact of the Industrial
Revolution, the increase in literacy, the creation of the
Internet and mass media the language is freer than ever. This
constant change in the English language has meant there have always
been prescriptive attitudes. The uncertainty of what English words
to use has come from its history and the vast amount of vocabulary.
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Copyrighted material |
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